Care of a victim suffering from skin burns following exposure to a heat source

SituationThe victim shows symptoms of a skin burn.
DefinitionIt is a thermal injury to the skin of origin (heat): fire / flame, hot liquid or vapor (water, oil).
Note: There are other causes, such as radiation, chemicals or electricity supply. Each case has specific consequences that may require specific assistance.
Risks1. A sunburn can cause:a. A strong pain, overwhelming and continue (unless the skin is burned deep when there's no pain in the area, but pain can be strong around it).b. specific complications, including dehydration (fluid loss), infection, hypothermia and circulatory failure due to private factors (causative agent, temperature, depth, location and surface burn or age and previous health status of the victim).2. Burn is a dynamic problem that continues even after removal of the agent that causes it, increasing expansion of the initial wound (both in depth and the surface).3. Causative agent may continue:• lead to expansion of burn (if not quickly controlled)• create additional health problems (eg. Respiratory failure due to smoke from a fire)
Principles of action1. Scene must be secured before the start of care or the victim should be moved to a safe place.2. Contact between the victim and the causative agent must be removed quickly and safely.3. Combustion process should be stopped quickly and suffering should be alleviated.4. Complications should be prevented or reduced.5. Extension and location of burning must be evaluated.
Note: Some cases may require specific actions, which are listed on the product packaging (eg. For chemical agents). For example powdered chemicals must be completely removed by brushing before you apply water to prevent further reactions.
Principles techniquesFirst aid person should explain the victim intended to be made at each step, seeking cooperation / collaboration it.
Technology: General management of skin burns due to contact with hot liquid (water, oil)Note: Hot water and oil are called "causative agent" in the rest of this chapter.
Step 1Eliminate contact between the victim and the causative agent.
Key aspects of step 1• Turn off or remove the causative agent of the victim or the victim removed the causative agent, taking into account the following principles:• avoid personal risk taking also take risks for the victim and bystanders,• avoid aggravation of the situation,• Remove clothing that is not attached to the body, without entering into contact with the causative agent present on the victim's clothes.
Justification step 1• causative agent should be regarded as an immediate danger to person and the victim first aid. Deployment assistance must take into account this fact.• First would be taken basic safety measures, such as interruption of gas or electricity supply to the cooking appliance.In case of a fire source, the victim, the person first aid and pedestrians should be away from the fire, which, if possible, should be off.
Step 2Limit the combustion process and ensure pain relief.
Key aspects of step 2• Cool the burn with water as soon as possible, taking into account the following principles:• (if possible) water should be cold, clean and flowing,• low power and a regular flow,• Make sure water drains completely, without touching other parts of the victim, you or someone else,• Continue to remove contaminated clothing from the victim, except for items that are attached to the skin.• Cooling can be continued for several minutes until the pain does not return after cessation of cooling, but before the victim is doing cold.• Ask the victim to remove potentially constrictive items such as rings, bracelets, wristwatch, etc.. if they are inside or near the injured area and if possible without causing negative consequences in November.
• If water is not available:• assess burning,• Cover wounds to minimize infection,• get help.
Justification for step 2• Until now, local water cooling is only effective immediate care that a person can apply for the uninitiated:• to remove heat and reduce temperature in injured tissue, limiting the burning, swelling and blisters forming. This prevents destruction of skin and more pronounced increase your chances of survival of the affected cells are still alive.• relieve / reduce pain felt by the victim.• Water can not be left to drain the affected area so as not to contaminate an area not yet affected.• Should not be allowed to become hypothermic victim to tremble.• There are products available such as gel to stop the burn, which include both soothing and cooling elements. Their use depends on local regulations and their availability.• rings, bracelets, wristwatch, etc.. If compression can become agents around the burned area to develop edema. This compression has negative consequences, especially to limit or block blood flow.
Note:• Scientific studies show that cooling can be effective if applied in the first 15-25 minutes after injury. Thus knowledge of time occurred when burning is an important determinant of the type of assistance that will initiate.• In some places, when running water is not available, it may be advisable to put the wounded in a bucket, bowl or something equivalent and filled with cold clean water. Water should be changed after a while, it becomes warm. Another alternative is injured area with water spray from a bottle. Both methods should respect the key issues presented, especially to prevent hypothermia.• Water is defined as "cold" when its temperature is between 8 and 23 degrees C (45-75 degrees F).
Step 3Evaluate the burn characteristics.
Key aspects of step 3• Determine:• nature of the causative agent,• any possible aggravating factor, such as burns on the face, a wrist or pelvic area, fire occurred in a closed space, smoke in case of fire, etc..• time and place / places of contact between agent and victim.• Note the location area / areas burned.• Make a rough estimate of the extension of burn / burn, using the victim's palm surface as reference unit, representing 1% of the total area of ​​the skin.• If possible, collect information about the health of the victim (age, diseases, treatments, etc..)
Note: In circumstances other than those involving fire or hot liquids should consider aggravating factors such as trauma of the bone in case of electrical accidents, when an explosion deflagration, shortness of breath, or saliva ash into his nostrils,so.
Justification step 3• determine the characteristics of wound care measures and subsequent monitoring required by the victim.• burn area is a feature used by emergency services to assess the severity of the health and prognosis. There are rules that establish estimates for specific parts of the body surface (eg. Head is about 9% of the total area of ​​the body of an adult).• Collect information regarding health help identify aggravating circumstances related to the history of the victim.
Step 4Prevent or decrease complications.
Key aspects of step 4• Act with clean hands and, if possible, protected (using waterproof materials - eg. Gloves or any other material available as a barrier).• Avoid the use of remedies, creams medical environments such as butter, eggs, salt, potatoes, etc.., In all cases of burning.• Avoid breaking blisters.• Place victim in a comfortable position as soon as possible.
If there is a medical service in the area:• After cooling surface simply wrap in a clean burn (eg. Bandage, fabric), or better yet in a sterile• victim to health unit.
In other situations:• Clean the burned area with non-alcoholic antiseptic solution or soap and water.• Cover the burned area, taking into account the following principles:• Use a clean (ie. Bandage, fabric), or better yet, one sterile,• Apply a dressing if possible one that prevents sticking burning,• covered with layers of absorbent material (eg. Gauze)• Keep fingers separated by layers of gauze.• Transport victim to a health care center.
Justification step 4• burn is a wound and therefore must be protected from external contamination.• It is important to prevent any risk of fainting and collapse due to pain and / or loss of liquid through burning.
Note:• Some communities make member burned in a banana leaf clean when possible. It is cold and not sticks.• There are specific materials, such as beds silver / gold, to protect and maintain heat victim.• Studies suggest that dry dressings are more effective than wet.Wet dressings and damaged skin maceration remaining affected tissues.• should be warned that adhere to the burn dressing and soak the secretions.• Administration of analgesia (eg. Nonprescription, such as paracetamol or aspirin) is not initiated by a person subject to local standards.

General principles of surgery first aid person

Situation
A person who has and / or express symptoms of an emergency.
Definition
Assistance provided by the person who is first aid, assistance that can maintain life and health, alleviate suffering, provide psychological support and prevent long-term disability before arrival / emergency contact service and support for this service once it arrived on the scene.
Risks
Without the intervention of first aid person, life or health of the victim may be in danger.
Principles of action
These principles apply in any situation where there is a person first aid:
1. Before any commitment to action, the person providing assistance to assess the emergency situation, primarily risk issues that may threaten or harm her, the victim or on the past.2. Protection of danger and the possible reappearance of it should be first and permanent concern of the person providing assistance. If there is a potential danger to the person providing assistance, protection and rescue must be performed by specialized forces (police, fire, etc.)..3. Shares of first aid person must not worsen the victim's condition and should provide a beneficial stabilizing effect on the situation or the victim and bystanders, preventing or limiting complications also develop.4. Assistance measures taken must be appropriate and should be initiated situation safely, quickly and effectively, priority is life-threatening problems.5. First aid person should:- Assist without being affected by prejudice or trying to alleviate the suffering of a person, being guided only by humanitarian assistance that responds to the needs of victims and shows respect for the victim and realities.- Always act safely and comfortably be able to easily execute the rescue and protection of life and to supervise the victim and the situation.- Seek appropriate assistance from community resources, when and where possible.- Follow to obtain the cooperation of the victim, presenting and establishing the role of nurse.- Gather all possible information about the victim's situation and condition, to guide their actions.- Teach the victim of an emergency department as soon as possible, if such service is available and required (inability to complete the surgery without such support).- Provide psychological support victims through attitude, words and actions, taking into account the fact that care "an injured person, not just the wound." Reassurance should be provided also to pass.- Assist and monitor the condition of the victim until further assistance is no longer necessary. Discontinuance of aid can occur when arriving at the emergency intervention, victim reach emergency services or to determine that the victim does not need any further care.- Be willing and able to assist emergency services in providing victim care, including providing information about the victim and the emergency situation.
Notes:
• Priority actions is determined by the condition of the victim and the severity of problems, taking into account both physical and psychological needs. Criteria such as nationality, race, religious, class or political opinions would be to guide first aid intervention.
• Even if an unconscious victim can not hear and / or perceive what is said and happening around them, you should use words and the appropriate contact as assisting a conscious victim.

Protecting the person who is injured

First aid person, the victim and others must be protected from immediate danger and its possible recurrence must be prevented. However there may be situations when the person first aid can not protect the victim from danger, requiring rescue by performing specialized forces such as police, fire rescue special.
In some countries people who provide first aid should be acknowledge that security authorities were informed of the situation may need emergency, according to their security rules.
In first aid situations many people are concerned about the transmission of diseases. The risk of contracting contagious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, etc.., While ensuring life-saving measures is much lower than people think.Using the basic rules on self-protection: taking appropriate precautions and basic hygiene measures applying further reduce this risk. In some areas local health authorities require or recommend immunological protection of emergency services personnel (eg. Vaccination against hepatitis or tetanus).
For those providing assistance should be encouraged to assist any person in need without discrimination and to treat everyone with respect.
To the extent that circumstances permit, the following measures should be taken to prevent disease transmission:
• Personal precautions• Wash your hands with soap and clean water immediately after applying lifesaving techniques. When possible (eg. To treat a wound in the domestic context and out of situations that threaten life), and hands should be cleaned prior to surgery.• Avoid contact with body fluids. Objects that can be impregnated with blood or other body fluids should not be touched.• Pay special attention to avoid being injured by broken glass or other sharp objects found on or near the injured person.• Prevent injuries when using, handle clean or remove tools or sharp objects.• Cover cuts or other damage to their skin with clean, dry cloth.• Avoid coughing, sneezing or talking over a wound.• Avoid getting dirt in the wound.• Precautions about equipment• If the intervention in an emergency are available gloves (latex, rubber, medical), masks and goggles, they should be used.• If no gloves, can be used any protective barrier (plastic or textile clean). Hands should be washed thoroughly after removing their protective material, and, if possible, before their application.• If no mask and glasses, contact the removal of body fluids should be avoided. In case of contact surface should be washed well that as soon as possible.• When using cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques should be used a pocket mask while performing artificial respiration. In the absence of appropriate masks can be used a handkerchief.• environmental precautions• Store materials in disposable containers which can be discarded, and clean the other materials before storing them clean and protected locations.
The person providing assistance should encourage pedestrians to take appropriate measures to prevent such diseases.
If the person providing assistance has been in contact with any body fluids or is concerned that the victim could have been, you should seek confidential health care to be counseled and tested.

Care of a victim suffering from a skin wound

SituationThe victim shows signs of skin wounds.
DefinitionIt is a wound that may affect only the skin or deeper tissues.(Types: drilling, breaking, blister, scratch, bite, peeling, cut because of a bone from the inside, etc..)
RisksA wound can cause:a. hemorrhage,b. pain,specific c.complicatii, including circulatory and respiratory infections and failure due to private factors (depth, location and extent thereof, or previous condition of health of the victim),d. damage organs in depthe. shock.
Principles of action1. Complications should be prevented or reduced.2. Location and extent of the wound should be carefully evaluated.Note: If the wound has other consequences, such as bleeding, their specific priority action must be taken. Moreover, specific location of the wound requires specific actions because of potential or actual negative consequences related to these locations (face, neck, chest, abdomen, wrist), especially if the wound is deep.When the wound is deep, wide, in special places (chest, abdomen, etc..), First aid person should transfer the victim of a health care professional.
Principles of technologyFirst aid person should explain the victim intended to be made at each step, seeking cooperation / collaboration it.
Technology: General principles of first aid in wound
Step 1Eliminate contact between the victim and the causative agent.
Key aspects of step 1• Turn off or remove the causative agent of the victim (*) or remove the victim from the causative agent (*), taking into account the following principles:• Avoid risk-taking,• avoid worsening the situation.(*) Warning, except when there is a foreign body in the wound that would not be removed.
Justification step 1• The agent that caused the injury should be considered as an immediate danger to person and the victim first aid. Throughout the period of operation of the first aid should take into account this fact.
Step 2Evaluate the characteristics of the wound.
Key aspects of step 2• Determine the possible causative agent and any other aggravating factor (ie. Dirty foreign material into the wound).• Determine how the injury occurred (a blow, a fall, etc..).• Note the location of the wound / wound.• Estimate by approximating how extensive is wound.• If possible, collect information on the health of the victim (age, disease, treatment, etc.)..
Justification for step 2• determine the characteristics of wound care measures and monitoring after the victim.• Gather information about health help identify aggravating circumstances related to the victim's history.
Step 3Make sure you take care conditions for beach cleaning.
Key aspects of step 3• Consider the following principles to ensure hygienic conditions:• Wash your hands with soap and clean water, if possible, clean water flowing,• To the extent possible protect your hands using membrane impermeable (eg. Gloves) or any available object that can serve as a protective barrier.
Justification step 3• The risk of infection of each person first aid and victim be avoided.
Step 4Clean the wound.
Key aspects of step 4• Keep in mind these principles to cleanse wound:• Wash the wound with an antiseptic nealergic preferably, or in his absence with clean soapy water or clean water, clear, flowing if something better is available,• Use clean parts of a clean cloth (lint-free cloth) or compress sterile• Wash the wound gently, without rubbing,• Wash the wound from its interior to its exterior,• Do not use a piece of material more than once.
Justification step 4• Germs that could reach the wound when they produce must be removed as soon and completely as possible.• Washing should be easy to avoid sticking to the wound of foreign bodies (particles) or to cause injury or bleeding.
Step 5Protect the wound.
Key aspects of step 5• Protect the wound, taking into account the following principles:• preferably use a sterile material (eg. Bandage, fabric) or if not, a clean• use a previously prepared dressing or if not, apply a bandage,• If the wound is still cared for by the victim, explain what to do:• to clean and to bind up the wound daily until healed (about 4-7 days)• to follow the signs that indicate local complications (pain, swelling, rosire, heat, secretions, etc..) And general (fever, nausea). It is important to explain that if any of these symptoms, the victim should seek medical advice.
Justification step 5• The wound must be protected from external contamination. They should be supervised healing, thus detecting a possible inflammatory process, which was the first sign of infection.
Step 6Questioned and guided the victim.
Key aspects of step 6• advised the victim to seek medical advice as soon as possible to determine the need for tetanus vaccination.• Ask the victim to remove potentially constrictive items such as rings, bracelets, wristwatch, etc.. if they are inside or near the injured area and if possible without causing new pests / negative consequences.
Justification step 6• Tetanus is a fatal disease that can be prevented by vaccination.• The effectiveness of vaccination may be viewed differently by health care professionals. There are further strategies ranging from not undertake any person to revaccination.• rings, bracelets, wristwatch, etc.. can exert compression around the wound if edema develops. This compression has negative consequences, especially to limit or block blood flow.
Technology: Administration of wounds penetrated by a foreign body
The key issuesIn the event the existence of a foreign body entered the wound, consider the following principles:• Do not try to remove it,• avoid any maneuvers that could move the foreign body,• Do not touch him all over the time spent waiting for assistance,• if necessary, stabilize it with clean fabric, secured with a bandage and cover the wound,• assist the victim to rest in the most comfortable position.
Justification• The visible foreign body does not indicate in any way what size is entered in the wound. So in no circumstances give first aid person should not try to remove a foreign body from a wound, because this action and may result in aggravation of the situation (eg. Massive hemorrhage).
Stabilization of a foreign body entered the wound can be completed using various materials, such as for example plastic cups.
• If there is absolute certainty about the nature of the object, such as a splinter of wood or spin a hedgehog, the victim may try removing it with the first aid person. This operation should be done with caution so as not to break the foreign body in wound and to ensure its complete removal.

Care of a victim suffering from skin burns following exposure to a heat source

SituationThe victim shows symptoms of a skin burn.
DefinitionIt is a thermal injury to the skin of origin (heat): fire / flame, hot liquid or vapor (water, oil).
Note: There are other causes, such as radiation, chemicals or electricity supply. Each case has specific consequences that may require specific assistance.
Risks1. A sunburn can cause:a. A strong pain, overwhelming and continue (unless the skin is burned deep when there's no pain in the area, but pain can be strong around it).b. specific complications, including dehydration (fluid loss), infection, hypothermia and circulatory failure due to private factors (causative agent, temperature, depth, location and surface burn or age and previous health status of the victim).2. Burn is a dynamic problem that continues even after removal of the agent that causes it, increasing expansion of the initial wound (both in depth and the surface).3. Causative agent may continue:• lead to expansion of burn (if not quickly controlled)• create additional health problems (eg. Respiratory failure due to smoke from a fire)
Principles of action1. Scene must be secured before the start of care or the victim should be moved to a safe place.2. Contact between the victim and the causative agent must be removed quickly and safely.3. Combustion process should be stopped quickly and suffering should be alleviated.4. Complications should be prevented or reduced.5. Extension and location of burning must be evaluated.
Note: Some cases may require specific actions, which are listed on the product packaging (eg. For chemical agents). For example powdered chemicals must be completely removed by brushing before you apply water to prevent further reactions.
Principles techniquesFirst aid person should explain the victim intended to be made at each step, seeking cooperation / collaboration it.
Technology: General management of skin burns due to contact with hot liquid (water, oil)Note: Hot water and oil are called "causative agent" in the rest of this chapter.
Step 1Eliminate contact between the victim and the causative agent.
Key aspects of step 1• Turn off or remove the causative agent of the victim or the victim removed the causative agent, taking into account the following principles:• avoid personal risk taking also take risks for the victim and bystanders,• avoid aggravation of the situation,• Remove clothing that is not attached to the body, without entering into contact with the causative agent present on the victim's clothes.
Justification step 1• causative agent should be regarded as an immediate danger to person and the victim first aid. Deployment assistance must take into account this fact.• First would be taken basic safety measures, such as interruption of gas or electricity supply to the cooking appliance.In case of a fire source, the victim, the person first aid and pedestrians should be away from the fire, which, if possible, should be off.
Step 2Limit the combustion process and ensure pain relief.
Key aspects of step 2• Cool the burn with water as soon as possible, taking into account the following principles:• (if possible) water should be cold, clean and flowing,• low power and a regular flow,• Make sure water drains completely, without touching other parts of the victim, you or someone else,• Continue to remove contaminated clothing from the victim, except for items that are attached to the skin.• Cooling can be continued for several minutes until the pain does not return after cessation of cooling, but before the victim is doing cold.• Ask the victim to remove potentially constrictive items such as rings, bracelets, wristwatch, etc.. if they are inside or near the injured area and if possible without causing negative consequences in November.
• If water is not available:• assess burning,• Cover wounds to minimize infection,• get help.
Justification for step 2• Until now, local water cooling is only effective immediate care that a person can apply for the uninitiated:• to remove heat and reduce temperature in injured tissue, limiting the burning, swelling and blisters forming. This prevents destruction of skin and more pronounced increase your chances of survival of the affected cells are still alive.• relieve / reduce pain felt by the victim.• Water can not be left to drain the affected area so as not to contaminate an area not yet affected.• Should not be allowed to become hypothermic victim to tremble.• There are products available such as gel to stop the burn, which include both soothing and cooling elements. Their use depends on local regulations and their availability.• rings, bracelets, wristwatch, etc.. If compression can become agents around the burned area to develop edema. This compression has negative consequences, especially to limit or block blood flow.
Note:• Scientific studies show that cooling can be effective if applied in the first 15-25 minutes after injury. Thus knowledge of time occurred when burning is an important determinant of the type of assistance that will initiate.• In some places, when running water is not available, it may be advisable to put the wounded in a bucket, bowl or something equivalent and filled with cold clean water. Water should be changed after a while, it becomes warm. Another alternative is injured area with water spray from a bottle. Both methods should respect the key issues presented, especially to prevent hypothermia.• Water is defined as "cold" when its temperature is between 8 and 23 degrees C (45-75 degrees F).
Step 3Evaluate the burn characteristics.
Key aspects of step 3• Determine:• nature of the causative agent,• any possible aggravating factor, such as burns on the face, a wrist or pelvic area, fire occurred in a closed space, smoke in case of fire, etc..• time and place / places of contact between agent and victim.• Note the location area / areas burned.• Make a rough estimate of the extension of burn / burn, using the victim's palm surface as reference unit, representing 1% of the total area of ​​the skin.• If possible, collect information about the health of the victim (age, diseases, treatments, etc..)
Note: In circumstances other than those involving fire or hot liquids should consider aggravating factors such as trauma of the bone in case of electrical accidents, when an explosion deflagration, shortness of breath, or saliva ash into his nostrils,so.
Justification step 3• determine the characteristics of wound care measures and subsequent monitoring required by the victim.• burn area is a feature used by emergency services to assess the severity of the health and prognosis. There are rules that establish estimates for specific parts of the body surface (eg. Head is about 9% of the total area of ​​the body of an adult).• Collect information regarding health help identify aggravating circumstances related to the history of the victim.
Step 4Prevent or decrease complications.
Key aspects of step 4• Act with clean hands and, if possible, protected (using waterproof materials - eg. Gloves or any other material available as a barrier).• Avoid the use of remedies, creams medical environments such as butter, eggs, salt, potatoes, etc.., In all cases of burning.• Avoid breaking blisters.• Place victim in a comfortable position as soon as possible.
If there is a medical service in the area:• After cooling surface simply wrap in a clean burn (eg. Bandage, fabric), or better yet in a sterile• victim to health unit.
In other situations:• Clean the burned area with non-alcoholic antiseptic solution or soap and water.• Cover the burned area, taking into account the following principles:• Use a clean (ie. Bandage, fabric), or better yet, one sterile,• Apply a dressing if possible one that prevents sticking burning,• covered with layers of absorbent material (eg. Gauze)• Keep fingers separated by layers of gauze.• Transport victim to a health care center.
Justification step 4• burn is a wound and therefore must be protected from external contamination.• It is important to prevent any risk of fainting and collapse due to pain and / or loss of liquid through burning.
Note:• Some communities make member burned in a banana leaf clean when possible. It is cold and not sticks.• There are specific materials, such as beds silver / gold, to protect and maintain heat victim.• Studies suggest that dry dressings are more effective than wet.Wet dressings and damaged skin maceration remaining affected tissues.• should be warned that adhere to the burn dressing and soak the secretions.• Administration of analgesia (eg. Nonprescription, such as paracetamol or aspirin) is not initiated by a person subject to local standards.